5.5

Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence in a chromosome. The DNA of an organism most likely will remain the same throughout its life however it can change which causes this mutation.
Mutations can be caused by:

-environmental factors such as chemicals or radiation

-from errors that arise when cells use of make copies of the DNA molecules.

Neural Mutation- a mutation that has no effect on the organism. There is no immediate effect on the individial's fitness or reproductive success. This cat has two different colored eyes. Although both eyes are fully functional the color of each eye has no impact on the organisms fitness or reproductive system.

Harmful Mutation- A mutation that reduces an organism's fitness. This turtle was Mutated by the splitting of the shell. It reduces its fitness and makes it more vulnerable to prey in the environment

Beneficial Mutation- A mutation that enhances an organism's fitness. This would give an organism an advantage in the environment although these mutations are not likely they are beneficial. The Ligar a hybrid crossbreed from a male lion and a tigress is the largest known cat in the world. This beneficial mutation is perfect for the environment to fight off enemies and protect itself

 

Asexual Reproduction is the production of offspring from a single parent; offspring inherit the genes of that parent only. This process does not require fertilization. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well. Budding is an example of asexual reproduction

Sexual Reproduction is the production of offspring by the union of sex cells from two different parents. The offspring inherits a combination of genes from both parents. Each gene may be identical or different.  In humans both parents are involved in sexual reproduction that each have 23 chromosomes, together humans require 46 chromosomes which they obtain from their two parents. The genes passed on from both parent is determined randomly. So therefore we all have our own personal combination of genes that make up who we are. The gene pool are all the genes in a certain population. Their genetic makeup within a population is considered a gene pool.

Artificial selection is the intentional breeding for certain traits, or combination of traits.
Eg. Animal breeders, are often able to change the characteristics of domestic animals by selecting for reproduction those individuals with the most desirable qualities.

 Seedless apples are an artificial selection because many people dislike seeds in their apples. We are now able to produce apples without seeds artificially.